History of Furniture: Empire

As we have seen over the last many posts in this ongoing series of The History of Furniture, no style or movement or shape happens in a vacuum. Everything in the decorative arts springs from a milieu...that is a very specific time and place that gives birth to something representative of that period: politically, socially, scientifically, and economically.

And this installment is a great example of this principle. The Empire style (pronounced ahm--PEER, as it is in French) is a product of layers of social and political upheaval that came right before it. After years of the excesses of late Baroque, King Louis XVI and the aristocracy were overthrown in the French Revolution. However, the Revolution was not a single event, but a series of events that took place over many years. Once the monarchy was no longer in power, the French First Republic was created, overseen by a five member committee called the Directory.

The style of decorative arts--including architecture, interiors, clothing, and painting--during this period is called Directoire which I wrote about in this post.

But the rise of Napoleon I and his power led to a coup d'etat which abolished the Directory. Napoleon then created the Consulate, and after enduring several years of counter-plots and assassination attempts, he created an imperial system of government based on the ancient Roman model.

And this is where the Empire style grew from...the Directoire style already borrowed classical silhouettes and motifs from ancient Rome (who had stolen their style from the ancient Greeks before them), and since Napoleon I was now Emperor, France dove head-first into ostentatious pomp. Self-aggrandizing Napoleon saw himself as a Caesar, and everything produced in France at that time was meant to idealize Napoleon's leadership and the French state.

And perhaps no other location exemplifies this better than Chateau de Malmaison, the residence of Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Josephine and the seat of the French government from 1800 to 1802. Located nearly 10 miles west of the center of Paris in Rueil-Malmaison, the chateau is full of the kind of Neoclassical bluster that inflated Napoleon's view of himself. Just take a look at this portrait by Ingres, Napoleon On His Imperial Throne.

Napoleon's bedroom is draped in fabric to recall the kind of tent he would have lived in during his war campaigns.

But Josephine's bedroom was even more resplendent, with a red and gold scheme and again, the tent-like structure but this one held aloft by Corinthian columns. Also note the swans, eagles, and sphinxes which reference ancient Roman design.

The Council Chamber at Malmaison also looks like a tent, draped in striped fabric used in actual campaigns. The entry doors are painted with trompe-l'œil trophies (gatherings of swords and helmets suspended by a cord) of war and topped with the Imperial Roman eagle. Notice the X-shaped stools based on the ancient Roman curule seat.

Here is an ancient Roman coin showing Emperor Tiberius seated on a curule seat!

And the library at Malmaison, featuring teak woodwork and a ceiling painted after the frescoes of Pompeii, held over 13,000 books in 1814.

You can take a marvelous virtual tour of the Chateau de Malmaison through the official website.

Happy designing!